steady（）

A.偷窃

B.牛排

C.稳定的

D.静止

A.稳定的

B.不存在的

C.快速的

在索洛模型中，什么因素决定了稳定状态的人均收入增长率？

In the Solow model, what determines the steady-state rate of growth of income per worker？

a．在初始稳定状态，储蓄率应该是多少？[提示：使用稳定状态的关系式：sy=(δ+n+g)k]

b．在初始稳定状态，资本的边际产量是多少？

c．假设公共政策提高了储蓄率，从而使经济达到了资本的黄金律水平。在黄金律稳定状态，资本的边际产量将是多少？比较黄金稳定状态的边际产量和初始稳定状态的边际产量，并解释。

d．在黄金律稳定状态，资本—产出比率将是多少？(提示：对柯布—道格拉斯生产函数来说，资本—产出比率与资本的边际产量是相关的。)

e．要达到黄金律稳定状态，储蓄率必须是多少？

In the United States, the capital share of GDP is about 30 percent; the average growth in output is about 3 percent per year; the depreciation rate is about 4 percent per year; and the capital-output ratio is about 2.5. Suppose that the production function is Cobb-Douglas, So that the capital share in output is constant, and that the United States has been in a steady state.

a．What must the saving rate be in the initial steady state？ [Hint: Use the steady-state relationship, sy=(δ+n+g)k]

b．What is the marginal product of capital in the initial steady state？

c．Suppose that public policy raises the saving rate So that the economy reaches the Golden Rule level of capital. What will the marginal product of capital be at the Golden Rule steady state？ Compare the marginal product at the Golden Rule steady state to the marginal product in the initial steady state. Explain.

d．What will the capital-output ratio be at the Golden Rule steady state？ (Hint: For the Cobb-Douglas production function, the capital-output ratio is related to the marginal product of capital.)

e．What must the saving rate be to reach the Golden Rule steady state？

考虑失业会如何影响索洛增长模型。假定产出是根据生产函数Y=K^a[(1-u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞)L]^1-a而生产的。式中，K为资本；L为劳动；u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞为自然失业率。国民储蓄率为s，劳动力增长率为n。资本折旧率为δ。

a．把人均产出(y=Y/L)表示为人均资本(k=K/L)和自然失业率的函数。描述该经济的稳定状态。

b．假定政府政策的某些变化降低了自然失业率。描述这一变化随时间的推进如何影响产出。对产出的稳定状态的影响大于还是小于立即的影响？请解释。

Consider how unemployment would affect the Solow growth model. Suppose that output is produced according to the production function Y=K^α[(1-u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞)L]^1-α，where K is capital, L is the labor force, and u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞ is the natural rate of unemployment. The national saving rate is s, the labor force grows at rate n, and capital depreciates at rate δ.

a．Express output per worker (y=Y/L) as a function of capital per worker (k=K/L) and the natural rate of unemployment. Describe the steady state of this economy.

b．Suppose that some change in government policy reduces the natural rate of unemployment. Describe how this change affects output both immediately and over time. Is the steady-state effect on output larger or smaller than the immediate effect？ Explain.

考虑失业会如何影响索洛增长模型。假定产出是根据生产函数Y=K^a[(1-u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞)L]^1-a而生产的。式中，K为资本；L为劳动；u^*为自然失业率。国民储蓄率为s，劳动力增长率为n。资本折旧率为δ。

a．把人均产出(y=Y/L)表示为人均资本(k=K/L)和自然失业率的函数。描述该经济的稳定状态。

b．假定政府政策的某些变化降低了自然失业率。描述这一变化随时间的推进如何影响产出。对产出的稳定状态的影响大于还是小于立即的影响？请解释。

Consider how unemployment would affect the Solow growth model. Suppose that output is produced according to the production function Y=K^α[(1-u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞)L]^1-α，where K is capital, L is the labor force, and u^*is the natural rate of unemployment. The national saving rate is s, the labor force grows at rate n, and capital depreciates at rate δ.

a．Express output per worker (y=Y/L) as a function of capital per worker (k=K/L) and the natural rate of unemployment. Describe the steady state of this economy.

b．Suppose that some change in government policy reduces the natural rate of unemployment. Describe how this change affects output both immediately and over time. Is the steady-state effect on output larger or smaller than the immediate effect？ Explain.

说明了稳定状态失业率是U/L=s/(s+f)。假设失业率开始时并不在这个水平。说明失业率将一直变动并达到这种稳定状态。(提示：把失业人数变动作为s，f和U的函数。然后说明，如果失业高于自然失业率，失业下降；如果失业低于自然失业率，失业增加。)

In this chapter we saw that the steady-state rate of unemployment is U/L=s/(s+f). Suppose that the unemployment rate does not begin at this level. Show that unemployment will evolve over time and reach this steady state. (Hint: Express the change in the number of unemployed as a function of s,f, and U. Then show that if unemployment is above the natural rate, unemployment falls, and if unemployment is below the natural rate, unemployment rises.)

没有直接影响资本存量，但人员死伤减少了劳动力。

a．对总产出和人均产出的影响是什么？

b．假设储蓄率不变，而且战前经济处于稳定状态，那么，在战后的经济中人均产出会发生什么变动？战后人均产出增长率小于还是大于正常增长率？

In the discussion of German and Japanese postwar growth，the text describes what happens when part of the capital stock is destroyed in a war. By contrast, suppose that a war does not directly affect the capital stock，but that casualties reduce the labor force.

a．What is the immediate impact on total output and on output per person？

b．Assuming that the saving rate is unchanged and that the economy was in a steady state before the war, what happens subsequently to output per worker in the postwar economy？ Is the growth rate of output per worker after the war smaller or greater than normal？

A.arry

B.steady

C.proud

证明下列有人口增长与技术进步的稳定状态的每一种表述。

a．资本一产出比率是不变的。

b．资本和劳动各自赚取了一个经济的收入中的不变的份额。

c．资本总收入和劳动总收入都会按人口增长率加技术进步率n+g的速率增长。

d．资本的实际租赁价格是不变的，而实际工资以技术进步率g增长。(提示：资本的实际租赁价格等于资本总收入除以资本存量，而实际工资等于劳动总收入除以劳动力。)

Prove each of the following statements about the steady state with population growth and technological progress.

a．The capital-output ratio is constant.

b．Capital and labor each earn a constant share of an economy's income.

c．Total capital income and total labor income both grow at the rate of population growth plus the rate of technological progress, n+g.

d．The real rental price of capital is constant, and the real wage grows at the rate of technological progress g. (Hint: The real rental price of capital equals total capital income divided by the capital stock, and the real wage equals total labor income divided by the labor force.)